Two questions that needs to be answered in regarding to the current conflagration in Gaza and the West Bank is the following: Are the Gaza strip and West Bank “occupied” and, if so, then what parts of international humanitarian law apply?
Article 42 of the 1907 Hague Convention says that a “territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army. The occupation extends only to the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised.” According to Common Article 2 of the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the Conventions apply to any territory occupied during international hostilities. They also apply in situations where the occupation of state territory meets with no armed resistance.
Though there is no Palestinian state, any armed conflict between Israel and the Palestinians would be considered an international armed conflict under Article 1(4) of Additional Protocol I which confers international status on any armed conflict where “peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes in the exercise of their right of self-determination, as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.” The term “alien occupation” was written into the Protocols specifically to apply to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
However, since the unilateral withdrawal of Israeli forces from Gaza in 2005 it is no longer “occupied.” Despite what the International Court of Justice, United Nations General Assembly, and United Nations Security Council say the attribution of “occupation” to a territory is a statement of fact and not a political decision.
The status of the West Bank is different. The Israeli High Court of Justice has ruled that Israel holds the West Bank under “belligerent occupation” while again the International Court of Justice, United Nations General Assembly, and United Nations Security Council regard Israel as an occupying power. As such, the Geneva Conventions would apply in the West Bank.
Yet, given that the Court has ruled an occupation exists only Geneva Convention IV would apply here. Hamas, as a non-state entity cannot – by definition – be a signatory to the Conventions and Israel is not a signatory to Additional Protocol I. As such, Hamas fighters are not entitled to the protections of the first three Geneva Conventions nor Additional Protocol I.
Another key aspect of the international humanitarian law in general and belligerent occupation in particular is the prohibition on reprisals. I’ll deal with this aspect of the conflict in a subsequent post tomorrow.
Bryan Peeler 
Hey Brian, I think you need to explain the passage regarding the attribution of the status “occupation better. As it is here, I cannot follow your argumentation. If such an attribution is a matter of fact and not political decision, does this not mean that Israel’s “unilateral withdrawal”, while maintaining control of the borders and airspace etc, is not really a withdrawal at all and just a political decision without really living up to standards that of factual statehood (let alone juridical statehood). I believe most international lawyers maintain that the Gaza strip is still occupied.
Thanks Jan. Excellent questions which I’ll try to expand upon later in follow up posts. But two quick points regarding the “effective control” argument to start. First, control over adjacent air space does not constitute “effective control” over Gaza. I believe Egypt and Israel have an agreement which limits Egypt’s access to Sinai. And we don’t think Israel is occupying Egypt. Second, since Gaza is not a state, under the Chicago Convention it is not entitled to control the airspace above it (Chicago Convention).